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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4_2026_MANUSCRIPT_AR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.4</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Concept and Evaluation of an Unmanned Ground System for Last Mile Logistic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>RUBIEC</surname>
            <given-names>Arkadiusz</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:arkadiusz.rubiec@wat.edu.pl">arkadiusz.rubiec@wat.edu.pl</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Poland</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MUSZYŃSKI</surname>
            <given-names>Tomasz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Poland</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>BEKESIENE</surname>
            <given-names>Svajone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Lithuania</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ŁOPATKA</surname>
            <given-names>Marian J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_003">Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Poland</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study addresses the issue of last-mile logistics tasks, particularly in areas inaccessible to conventional military vehicles. As a solution, the use of a homogeneous system composed of Unmanned Ground Vehicles is proposed. Ten UGVs (seven wheeled and three tracked) were selected and subsequently evaluated based on their primary parameters in order to identify the most suitable solution for implementation within such a system. The assessment was conducted using two methods: direct comparison of the UGVs with respect to the values of individual parameters, combined with the assignment of ranking scores, and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>Unmanned Ground Vehicles</kwd>
        <kwd>logistic</kwd>
        <kwd>last mile supply</kwd>
        <kwd>evaluation system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
