<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">8_2026_BOHM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.8</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Combat UGVs in Recent Operations: Lessons and Ways Forward</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>BÖHM</surname>
            <given-names>Karel</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:karel.bohm@unob.cz">karel.bohm@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Centre for Security and Military Strategic Studies, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>NOHEL</surname>
            <given-names>Jan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Department of Tactics, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ZAHRADNÍČEK</surname>
            <given-names>Pavel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">Department of Tactics, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>80</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Unmanned ground systems are increasingly appearing in contemporary operations; however, their practical utility varies depending on the task, operating environment and mode of control. Based on a targeted literature review, a comparison of findings from Syria, Gaza and Ukraine, and a structured expert consultation, this article assesses the main roles of UGV/UGS and their limitations. The findings indicate that UGV/UGS are currently most suitable for support, engineer, reconnaissance, logistics and evacuation tasks. Direct combat employment remains promising, but is constrained by C2, EW, mobility, endurance, operator workload and tactical integration.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>ground robotic systems</kwd>
        <kwd>UGV/UGS</kwd>
        <kwd>combat operations</kwd>
        <kwd>lessons learned</kwd>
        <kwd>human-robot teaming</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
