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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15_2026_ENGELOVA</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.15</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perceptual and Performance Aspects of Flight Simulation: A Didactic Comparison of Projection-Based and Virtual Reality Display</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ENGELOVA</surname>
            <given-names>Pavlina</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:pavlina.engelova@unob.cz">pavlina.engelova@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Air Force Department, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>SMRZ</surname>
            <given-names>Vladimir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Air Force Department, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MICHENKA</surname>
            <given-names>Petr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">Air Force Department, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ULVR</surname>
            <given-names>Jiri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_003">Air Force Department, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MACH</surname>
            <given-names>Ondrej</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_004"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_004">Air Force Department, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>130</fpage>
      <lpage>140</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This pilot study evaluates projection-based and virtual reality visualization in flight simulation using objective performance metrics and NASA-TLX workload assessment. A within-subject design with eight pilot students was used to verify a segment-based evaluation framework. Results indicate that virtual reality supports more stable control with lower variability, while projection-based display enables higher accuracy relative to predefined targets. Workload remained low to moderate in both conditions. The findings suggest that visualization modality influences control strategy and support the suitability of the proposed methodology for further research and application in simulation-based pilot training.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>flight simulation</kwd>
        <kwd>virtual reality</kwd>
        <kwd>pilot performance</kwd>
        <kwd>workload assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>simulation training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
