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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48__MULLNER</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.48</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond “5% of GDP”: NATO Negotiating Positions on the Hague Pledge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MÜLLNER</surname>
            <given-names>Vojtěch</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:vojtech.mullner@unob.cz">vojtech.mullner@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Department of Resources Management, Faculty of Military Leadership, University of Defence, Czechia</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>431</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This article examines the political responses of NATO member states to the 2025 Hague Pledge, which combines a 3.5% core defence target with a 1.5% resilience component. Based on structured qualitative coding of official statements, government documents, and media reports, it develops the Hague Negotiation Score (HNS) for 25 member states. The findings show that formal consensus masks significant differences: strong support is concentrated among allies on the eastern flank and the United Kingdom, while others accept, reinterpret, postpone, or resist this commitment. The article adds an ex-ante perspective to debates on burden-sharing within NATO.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>NATO</kwd>
        <kwd>Hague Summit 2025</kwd>
        <kwd>defence spending target</kwd>
        <kwd>negotiation position</kwd>
        <kwd>allocation framing</kwd>
        <kwd>political support</kwd>
        <kwd>content analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>burden-sharing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
