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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">73_ZDIMALOVA</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.73</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Graph-Based and Hybrid Image Processing for Detection of Military and Army Image Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ŽDÍMALOVÁ</surname>
            <given-names>Mária</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:mzdimalova@gmail.com">mzdimalova@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Department of Mathematics and Descriptive Geometry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, University in Bratislava, Slovakia</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>KRETSUL</surname>
            <given-names>Nazarii</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Department of Mathematics and Descriptive Geometry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, University in Bratislava, Slovakia</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>SITÁR</surname>
            <given-names>Viliam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">Applied Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bratislava Slovakia</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>629</fpage>
      <lpage>640</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This research tackles the challenge of precisely segmenting military and army objects within intricate visual environments that are influenced by factors such as camouflage, clutter, occlusions, and variations in lighting. A hybrid framework is introduced that merges Graph Cut-based energy minimization with traditional image processing techniques and pre-detection using convolutional neural networks. This method combines appearance characteristics and spatial constraints to enhance robustness and the accuracy of boundaries. Results from experiments on significant military datasets indicate improved segmentation consistency and clarity, rendering the approach suitable for image analysis tasks that are critical for safety and defense.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>graph algorithms</kwd>
        <kwd>image processing</kwd>
        <kwd>methods</kwd>
        <kwd>detection of objects</kwd>
        <kwd>image army data</kwd>
        <kwd>security</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
