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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">110_STEPANKOVA</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluating AI Translation Capabilities for Defence and Security Use</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Štěpánková</surname>
            <given-names>Eva</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:eva.stepankova@unob.cz">eva.stepankova@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Department of Resources Management, Faculty of Military Leadership, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pešek</surname>
            <given-names>Karel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Institute of Intelligence Studies, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarı</surname>
            <given-names>Denisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">Institute of Intelligence Studies, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>968</fpage>
      <lpage>977</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study evaluates the translation capabilities of selected AI language models in a defence and security context through a multistage multilingual workflow combining translation, language identification, and back-translation. Using 32 English inputs across eight target languages, the study compares offline and online models in terms of translation quality, processing stability, and task performance across varying levels of sentence complexity. The findings indicate that all models perform strongly on basic translation tasks, but notable differences emerge in language identification, back-translation quality, and output stability. The results help clarify the conditions under which AI translation can support security-relevant multilingual workflows.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>AI translation</kwd>
        <kwd>defence and security</kwd>
        <kwd>multilingual processing</kwd>
        <kwd>back-translation</kwd>
        <kwd>large language models</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
