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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">146_MACGILLAVRY</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disciplined Disobedience: on the Psychology of Junior-level Leadership during Operations in Competitive Electromagnetic and Aerial Environments</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>WILLIAM MAC GILLAVRY</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:davidwilliam.macgillavry@unob.cz">davidwilliam.macgillavry@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>STŘÍBRNÝ</surname>
            <given-names>Jakub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MACHÁČ</surname>
            <given-names>Šimon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1257</fpage>
      <lpage>1262</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>In this paper, we argue that disciplined disobedience, a more pronounced interpretation of mission command, is a function of battlefield realities and force composition, rather than preconceived tactics or doctrine. Although theoretically sound, its effective implementation depends, in large part, on real-world battlefield limitations such as the obstruction of effective communication, limitations to force concentration, and external pressures such as an overwhelming enemy advantage in manpower or equipment, and the composition of the Army’s source population. However, even under ideal circumstances, disciplined disobedience can still be hampered by a military that does not sufficiently differentiate between responsibility and blame.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>disciplined disobedience</kwd>
        <kwd>small-unit leadership</kwd>
        <kwd>social psychology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
