Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

The internet creates a virtual space where individuals strive to capture their dreams, art, and culture. Within it, one can find the greatness and dignity of humanity, but also the baseness and wickedness that signify the decline of the spirit. The internet has drastically diminished the significance of space and distance in social interactions. It has enabled the crossing of temporal boundaries, provided anonymity in contacts, and facilitated access to previously inaccessible information, including open educational resources and sources of cultures different from one’s own. The language of digital media is a system of signs. Without understanding them, contemporary individuals become slaves, and their lives become meaningless and purposeless play. Illiteracy and low computer and media literacy can become sources of social and cultural manipulation on an unprecedented scale. Information networks connect not only universities, businesses, and people, but they have also become tools for playing out cultural, social, economic, political rivalries, as well as criminal and terrorist activities, and more recently, military actions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have their dramatic images in the real world, but also in cyberspace. This article fills a gap in this area by addressing the issues of misinformation, media manipulation, propaganda, and infodemics. It presents a classification of security threats to children, youth, and adults and describes selected initiatives undertaken in this regard by the European Union. The author draws upon humanistic and social thought, pointing out avenues for analysis and ways to counteract negative consequences.

The article analyzes how Germany, particularly through the Ukrainian crisis that began in 2014, has been placed at the decision-making center of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), thus becoming the de facto chief architect after Poland of the EU’s response to Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine. The article highlights the internal and external implications of this role, including in other policy areas in particular with regard to the Baltic States. To do so, we must first take a closer look at the principles of German foreign policy and the specific nature of German-Russian relations.

The way of regulating criminal legal issues internationally has changed in recent decades, as an aftermath of increased intensity of globalization processes around the world combined with growth of transnational crime, and subsequent desire of the international community to co-operate on suppressing criminal conduct that transcends national frontiers. The vast majority of multilateral international treaties concluded overt the past decades have been devoted to transnational crimes, falling within the scope of transnational criminal law. One of such crimes, inevitably connected to the development and increased use of information and communication technologies, is grooming. The paper aims at presenting international regulations, provided for in a suppression convention, obliging the Polish legislator to penalize grooming in the domestic legal order, as well as the Polish domestic provisions complying with the said obligation.

The article presents the fundamental principles of purchasing real estate by capital companies as part of business transactions (based on civil law contracts) and the purchase of real estate by a capital company from a member of its management board. The acquisition of immovable property by a capital company is indisputably one of the relevant events for every company, so in principle, it requires, to be valid, a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders of the company and, therefore, a resolution of the company’s ‘ownership’ body, which is competent to decide on the most important matters for the capital company, unless the articles of association or articles of association expressly provide otherwise. In each case of purchasing real estate by a company, it should be recommended first to conduct a survey of the condition of the property and prepare a due diligence report regarding the property, which will allow showing the real image of the property to the shareholders of the company but will also be an expression of due diligence duty by the management board of the company purchasing the property.

This article highlights the importance of professionalism practices in the daily life of organizations with all their human resources. The paradigm of professionalism must influence organizational culture organizational culture, and consequently and reproducibly reflect it in professional profiles, in individual and collective portfolio of competencies, as well as in professional and organizational practices, or in the production of goods and services. In the course of the discussion, attention was paid to some of the factors constituting professionalism in order to ensure the presence of professionalism as a practice in everyday life in organizations.

Crises are often viewed negatively as disruptions that hinder individuals and social groups. However, crises can also present opportunities for growth and development. This article explores psychological concepts that perceive crises as catalysts for change, motivating individuals to seek help and find constructive solutions in difficult situations. The article examines various psychological theories on crises. It discusses the different ways individuals respond to crises, ranging from effectively managing them to experiencing mental breakdowns. Crises have complex symptoms and causes, influenced by personal and environmental factors such as family, workplace, material status, and social groups. Anxiety is a common characteristic of crises, often reaching a high level before individuals acknowledge the need for concrete actions. Quick fixes like medication provide temporary relief but do not resolve the underlying crisis. Crises often involve conflicts and decision-making, where passivity becomes a negative and destructive choice. The article also explores crises in developmental terms, drawing upon Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory and Kazimierz Dąbrowski’s theory of positive disintegration. Erikson identifies specific crises in each stage of development, while Dąbrowski emphasizes the role of tension and disruption in achieving higher levels of personal growth. Not all crises lead to development, and not all changes constitute developmental changes. Developmental changes are irreversible, sequential, autonomous, unidirectional, and goal-oriented. The article categorizes development into continuous, leap, and crisis development, highlighting the transformative nature of crisis-induced changes. The article argues that crises, despite their hardships, should be viewed as opportunities for personal and collective development. By confronting crises and actively seeking constructive solutions, individuals and communities can achieve higher levels of growth and improve their quality of life.

Conflict is an inherent aspect of social life, presenting itself in various forms, which can be categorized into five types: relationships, data, interests, structural, and values. Relationship conflicts involve communication issues, intense emotions, stereotypes, and retaliation. Resolving relationship conflicts requires displaying respect for the other person. Data conflicts arise from lack of information or incorrect interpretation. Conflicts of interest occur when needs or goals cannot be satisfied. Structural conflicts result from limited access to necessary resources or efficient work tools. Values conflicts involve differences in values and rules. Conflicts within organizations arise due to resource allocation, differing positions, goals, or values. Negotiations are widely considered the most effective means of resolving conflicts. Negotiations involve interpersonal communication aimed at achieving mutually satisfying agreements. Negotiation strategies can be classified into win-lose, lose-win, lose-lose, and win-win approaches. Win-win strategies prioritize mutual benefits, while winlose and lose-win strategies focus on individual gains. Avoidance and rivalry strategies are examples of lose-lose approaches. Mediation is a conflict resolution method involving a neutral third party. It is useful when legislative or normative acts prevent resolution, or when confrontation is costly or dangerous. Mediation relies on cooperative negotiation and is effective when parties desire to maintain a future relationship, value confidentiality, or wish to avoid court proceedings. However, mediation is not suitable for criminal conflicts or cases involving incapacitated parties. In mediation, the parties make the final decision under the guidance of the mediator. The mediator facilitates understanding, agreement, and reconciliation between the parties. They help identify potential solutions and conditions for resolving the dispute. Mediators do not assess evidence or make binding decisions but aim to promote mutual understanding and acceptable resolutions.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between positively valued traits and psychological and social factors in the Polish labor market. In addition, it was shown whether the relationship between these variables differed by gender, and both negative and positive associations of these relationships were demonstrated. As a result, differences were found within the overall relationship, as well as separately by gender, between certain employee characteristics and certain levels of psychological and social workplace factors.

The primary concern of this article is to review the knowledge and ability of people to act to protect themselves and others in the face of various risks and hazards, and to manage accident and crisis situations. Relevant issues include the needs and requirements of emergency situations, people’s ability to respond to them, and factors that affect coping ability. The selected sub-areas are practiceoriented and defined in terms of real-world problems rather than theories or scientific concepts. One of the purposes of choosing to structure the review of risk, accident and crisis management psychology in this way is to emphasize the importance of human limitations and capabilities as an element in all areas of activity and responsibility. This approach, in turn, assumes that the review contains a broad theoretical base and multifaceted approaches, which are necessarily treated here rather generically.

The author of the article focuses on the issue of psychological and physiological consequences of crisis situations experienced by an individual. Stress experienced by an individual is the first consequence of a crisis. Therefore, psychological and physiological effects resulting from stress are what is directly detrimental. These effects can lead to a physical or mental disease or even death.