Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

The rapid advancement of technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), is reshaping modern warfare and intensifying global competition for military superiority. Although the United States and China are commonly viewed as leading actors in AI development, other states, including Israel, are increasingly integrating AI systems into military operations. Operation Swords of Iron offers an example of AI enabled warfare, demonstrating how AI tools can enhance situational awareness, decision-making, and reduce human cognitive load. This writing assignment examines the role of AI in military operations by analysing its integration through the OODA Loop (Observe–Orient–Decide–Act) during Operation Swords of Iron. The analysis identifies how AI supported the Observe, Orient, Decide and Act phases, improving operational speed, precision, and efficiency while also introducing new risks and vulnerabilities. The findings highlight both the transformative potential and the emergent challenges of AI driven decision-making, providing insight into the future of AI integration in armed conflict.

Amid renewed interest in total defense frameworks within European strategic communities, this article explores the intersection of civilianled resistance to external armed aggression and the broader concept of national resilience in contemporary warfare. Through a comparison of two case studies–the grassroots resistance of Ukrainian civilians to Russian aggression since February 24, 2022, and the mobilization of Israeli civilians in response to the Hamas attack of October 7, 2023–this article assesses the strategic and operational relevance of civilian resistance within total and comprehensive defense models.