The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of investments in the water and sewage sector in Poland and other European countries using the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) formula. The paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats arising from the use of this formula for local government public tasks for the delivery and treatment of domestic wastewater, in the context of EU legislation. It also examines the validity of the use of PPP in the context of the implementation of the principle of sustainable development in water management. PPPs are commonly used to deliver strategic public services under financial limitations. Countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, based on years of experience and good practices, are effectively implementing PPP projects, including those in the water and sewerage sector. The provision of treated drinking water and the treatment of municipal wastewater is a fundamental task ensuring an adequate quality of life for people by maintaining public health at an appropriate level. The fact that water and sanitation infrastructure and service provision in this sector is expensive, both at the construction and operational stages, has led countries at different levels of development to turn to public-private partnerships. Properly managed PPP projects secure the interests of both the private and public partner and the end user of the services. The analysis of data and examples of European PPPs in the water and wastewater sector shows that PPPs have been successful for most public entities that have chosen them. Good practices from Scotland, Ireland and Poland, as well as projects that have experienced difficulties, show that stable and friendly legislation, thorough pre-feasibility studies and an appropriate allocation of risk make PPPs successful. In the context of the conducted analysis, PPP is a tool enabling the realization of tasks in the water and sewage sector, where the public party’s budget possibilities are limited. Moreover, PPP is a component of the realization of the sustainable development principle. The idea that the use of natural resources, including water, which is fundamental to the biological and cultural needs of humankind, should be met in such a way as to save them for future generations, is realized in PPP projects. This paper demonstrates that the use of financial assembly opportunities in PPPs makes it possible to significantly intensify the construction of new and upgrading of existing water and wastewater infrastructure. It contributes to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and securing public health associated with living in direct proximity to surface water and discharging wastewater without affecting the natural environment and human habitats.
The sustainable, adequate, security and efficient operation of a central bank depends on many internal and external factors. New trends, challenges, and threats (which are associated with European integration, globalization, etc.) affect the sustainable, efficient, and security operations of the ECB, which can lead to economic or financial crises. Therefore, in the current situation, the concept of the Central Bank’s activities, its legal status and the institution of monetary policy should change completely. The purpose of this research was as follows: 1) to determine economic and legal aspects of sustainable, efficient and safe operation of the ECB, with a reflection on innovation and analysis of modern de lege lata trends to ensure sustainable development of the EU, 2) to prepare conclusions and to identify positive and negative aspects that affect the activities of the Central Bank, 3) on the basis of scientific and practical de lege lata research and its application, to develop de lege ferenda to improve the activities of the European System of Central Banks, the European Central Bank, national central banks and other institutions of the European Union.
This paper focuses on identifying risks in selected social facilities in relation to the possible occurrence of an emergency. Risks are dealt with for residential social facilities that provide meals all day long in the territorial scope of the city of České Budějovice. Via the application of the KARS method, selected risks are assessed using their correlations. In this way, the risks are divided into those that primarily threaten the examined social facilities, as well as risks that represent hierarchically-lower risks, or those that were assessed as relatively safe. The research investigated risks in relation to emergencies that occur when social services are provided within the cadastral territory of the České Budějovice. The KARS method was used to identify the risks that are most dangerous for social facilities. In the first stage of the analysis, group risks were ascertained that occur during the operations of individual facilities. The risks were divided into those that primarily threaten the social facilities, and to those which hierarchically represent lesser risks, or were assessed as relatively safe.
Terrorism has been one of the most prominent issues in the last three decades. Since 2001 and the attacks on September 11, terrorism has gained a global impact. Terrorism today threatens the safety of individuals more than ever. In order to combat terrorism, countries around the world have adopted various counter-terrorism strategies. The United Kingdom is one such country. Thorugh the analysis of the United Kingdom’s counter-terrorism strategy, it’s laws and decisions from both domestic and international courts, the authors of this article aim to determine whether counter-terrorism is a sustainable measure or a violation of human rights in the United Kingdom.