The purpose of this study is to examine the behavior of bank lending in ASEAN economies. For this purpose, macroeconomic and bank related factors are identified from existing literature, defining the lending behavior. Data is collected from official sources like web pages, company’s annual report and online databases. A sample of five banking firm from four ASEAN economies is collected over 2011–2017 with annual observations. Regression analysis indicates the fact that both macroeconomic factors (GDP growth, inflation) are playing their significant role in defining the lending behavior of bank as measured through net loans and unused commitments. From bank related variables, liquidity ratio, risk, return on assets and equity are found to be significant determinant for bank lending. it is highly suggested that credit managers in banking firms, and related departments should use these findings as documentary evidence for the future decision making. Additionally, these findings are also useful facts for country administration, dealing with the macroeconomic factors and their direct influence on bank lending. However, various limitations are also observed which can be addressed in upcoming research studies. Sample size is limited to five banking firms from each state with seven years of time period. At second, specific macroeconomic and bank related measures are used which can be expanded in coming studies.
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of macroeconomic indicators on tourism revenue from five states of ASEAN region. To address this objective secondary data is collected over last 18 years from 2001-2017 with annual observations. Macroeconomic indicators include inflation, oil prices, industrial growth, exchange rate stock market index, and gross domestic product over time. Method of the study is based on regression OLS estimation with robust standard errors. Empirical findings indicates that key determinants for the change in tourism revenue in selected countries are exchange rate, stock market index, inflation and industrial growth. However, impact of GDP on tourism revenue is also significant for Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. Study findings can be very much beneficial for present decision-making regarding growth in tourism industry in ASEAN region. Limitations of the study includes less than 20 years of time duration, ignoring the microeconomic indicators of tourism revenue and cross-sectional analysis. Future studies can address these limitations which better understanding and practical implications.
Russian economic reforms of the 1990s triggered off the massive economic transformation that went hand in hand with worsening of the life prospects of the population, rising of unemployment, inflation, personal debts and creating social unrests among other security issues. The new economic perspectives offered by the free and open market created the previously unthinkable incentives for many people. Borrowing and lending became fully legal endeavors and the new economic order offered unprecedented opportunities and a variety of consumer goods and services that were previously unavailable. One of the outcomes of this process was the sharp increase in the number of debts and personal insolvency issues. It appears that many Russian citizens lacked the financial literacy and healthy judgement in their financial management that led to the problems of economic insolvency debt. This paper focuses on the issue of personal economic and financial security in Russian Federation. We analyze the available data before and after the economic crisis of the 2007-2009 and the recent sanctions to demonstrate the patterns of borrowing behavior of the Russians. Our results show that borrowing decreased in the recent months following the introduction of economic sanctions which can be explained by the overall feeling of uncertainty and the fear of economic collapse of various households. We argue that good financial literacy might increase the basic economic awareness and contribute to the better security in the everyday life in the Russian Federation.