Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

In 2021, the South Moravia region of the Czech Republic was dealing with the aftermath of tornado. This extraordinary event, which is not very frequent in the Czech Republic, was associated with the implementation of a considerable amount of efforts aimed at rescue, liquidation and subsequent recovery work. Using this emergency as an example, it can be stated that it is evident that climatic and meteorological conditions are changing significantly in connection with global climate change and are also affecting the territory of the Czech Republic. It is therefore very realistic to expect that the occurrence of emergencies associated with surprising and often difficult to predict emergencies will become more and more common, and it is therefore necessary to constantly prepare, not only at the level of public authorities, but also at the level of school facilities. The main body of the article focuses on the specification of proposals and measures that could be taken in any municipality affected by such or similar emergencies. Not only the proposals related to the implementation of recovery (technical) works, but also to the protection of the population, especially in the field of its education, have been elaborated in detail. Increasing the level of education and preparedness of the population can make a significant contribution to better managing the impact of emergencies of the same or similar nature.

This article presents a view and opinion on the methods of applying risk analysis in the Czech Republic, gained through practical experience. Risk analysis is a fundamental building block in the creation of key documents in the field of emergency planning and crisis management, which are an integral part of the security system of the Czech Republic. In risk analysis, an important role is played by determining the threats that most threaten the Czech Republic, and then adopting measures that will reduce the level of risk to an acceptable level. The increasing number of natural and anthropogenic emergencies naturally brings with it an increase in the severity of their consequences. Within the framework of the systematic application of the policy of preventing emergencies and crisis situations, the analysis of threats and the risks arising from them is of key importance. The publication describes the risk analysis methodology, which culminated in the adoption of the document "Threat Analysis for the Czech Republic" approved by Resolution of the Government of the Czech Republic No. 369 in April 2016. The document analysis method was used as the basic research method. This qualitative research method was focused on the analysis of threats in the Czech Republic. At the same time, it responded to the past extraordinary events that are commented on in the publication. The developing trend of research in the field of protection against the effects of CBRN substances was also emphasized. The analysis of documents is limited to the period from 2016 to the present, because the Threat Analysis for the Czech Republic was approved in 2016. The basic question is therefore whether this threat analysis corresponds to the current security situation in the Czech Republic and in Europe. Some challenges and potential shortcomings in this area are pointed out, especially at the level of territorial self-governing units and in the area of legal regulation and legislation. The perspective on new challenges in connection with protection against the effects of CBRN substances, increased risk of terrorism and other extraordinary events causing large-scale violations of the law is also emphasized. In this context, the issue of soft targets is also partially analysed, since the vast majority of similar incidents occur in these facilities. The conclusions from the article and the aforementioned ambiguities should be the subject of expert discussion in the future, and possible legislative revisions should be made in order to ensure systemic efficiency and clear definition of responsibilities both in the area of risk analysis and in the area of subsequent processing of crisis plans and other security documents.

Based on the results of the research the following conclusions were formulated: 1) martial law in Ukraine has a direct impact on the unified state civil protection service, causes the presence of features of its functioning, as well as checking the state of readiness of services and forces that perform civil protection tasks; 2) in Ukraine, the bodies, services, forces of civil defense function simultaneously in two legal regimes: martial law and a particular period with a degree of complete readiness. In addition, the so-called “reconstruction period” is foreseen, which determines the additional tasks of the unified state civil protection service, the full implementation of which is possible after the end of hostilities and is actually implemented in the territories controlled by Ukraine and where there are no combat clashes; 3) the peculiarities of the functioning and diagnostics of the services and forces that perform civil defense tasks during the steam regime of martial law include: an increased degree of threats and risks due to missile attacks, kamikaze drone attacks, attacks from various types of weapons, and subsequently rescuing people from under rubble, liquidation of other consequences of destruction; a limited deadline for completing tasks; the need to restore critical infrastructure facilities related to the provision of electricity and gas supply as a result of rocket attacks; carrying out the evacuation of the civilian population in the zone of active hostilities; the presence of emergency situations with a wide variety of consequences, including those of a potentially man-made nature, which have a cross-border impact on neighboring states both in the short and long term.

This paper focuses on identifying risks in selected social facilities in relation to the possible occurrence of an emergency. Risks are dealt with for residential social facilities that provide meals all day long in the territorial scope of the city of České Budějovice. Via the application of the KARS method, selected risks are assessed using their correlations. In this way, the risks are divided into those that primarily threaten the examined social facilities, as well as risks that represent hierarchically-lower risks, or those that were assessed as relatively safe. The research investigated risks in relation to emergencies that occur when social services are provided within the cadastral territory of the České Budějovice. The KARS method was used to identify the risks that are most dangerous for social facilities. In the first stage of the analysis, group risks were ascertained that occur during the operations of individual facilities. The risks were divided into those that primarily threaten the social facilities, and to those which hierarchically represent lesser risks, or were assessed as relatively safe.

The article deals with the most dangerous topical issue related to the immediate safety of a person, society and the state as a whole - to technogenic terrorism. Technogenic terrorism represents an extremely complicated phenomenon in the social and legal environment of any state in the world and can have disastrous consequences for human security and for the world as a whole. This research focuses on the historical aspects of occurrence of hazard, it is analyzed individual objects of technosphere that carry potential danger, and it is defined the emergency essence as part of technogenic terrorism and it is provided their classification. Separately, it is focused on the technological safety state in Ukraine and finding of appropriate legal measures of counteractions to technogenic terrorism in Ukraine.