Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

The aim of this article is to propose a functional categorisation of counter-drone measures based on an analysis of selected technical and operational aspects of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) protection for critical infrastructure and soft targets in hybrid conflicts. Traditional UAV protection approaches based primarily on legislative regulation and UAV cooperation are necessary but insufficient. Problematic are non-cooperative drones, especially autonomous systems. Emphasis is given to active protection and hard-kill solutions.

This paper analyzes one-way attack UAV saturation and air defense adaptation using open-source attack data recorded by Shahed-136/131 UAVs in Ukraine. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and non-parametric tests indicate rapid growth in UAV volume, partial saturation effects, and a clear distinction between kinetic destruction and broader neutralization. The study contributes a measurable counter-UAS assessment model that links attack volume, defensive performance, and small-state air defense planning.