Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation

Lanchester’s law serves as a deterministic mathematical model of a battle between two or more opponents. We build a new model that incorporates both variable offense and variable defense, as well as the commander’s ability to focus fire on a selected enemy. We show that in a situation where an army fights two allies, the correct strategy of focusing on the weaker enemy leads to an eventual win, whereas the incorrect decision to split the fire equally leads to the army’s annihilation.

The growing presence of asymmetric threats require effective C-UAS systems. This study addresses the challenge of integrating sensors (RF and EO/IR) onto multirotor platforms while maintaining flight endurance. Of the four scenarios developed, it analyzes Use-case B in detail, mathematically comparing six variants of hardware modifications to a heavy drone during reconnaissance of a 300×300 m area against both active and radio-silent targets. The results reveal the paradox of SWaP limits: fully equipped "All-in-One" platforms excel against active targets thanks to rapid guidance but face critical battery depletion during area-wide reconnaissance of autonomous threats. For future research, therefore, cooperation among multiple platforms, reduced energy consumption, and the integration of effectors are proposed.

The paper presents the Virtual Reality (VR) - Augmented Reality (AR) Simulator Kit designed for Call for Fire (CFF) training within the framework of fire support. It describes the system’s modular architecture, the use of mixed reality, voice control, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based analysis of standardized CFF communication. Pilot validation confirmed the technical functionality of the solution, as well as its ability to objectively assess procedural correctness and monitor reaction time and error rates. Its main contribution lies in linking immersive training with the broader context of fire support command and control. The originality of the paper consists in integrating VR/AR, AI, and analytical evaluation into a single training ecosystem.

This study evaluates the role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in demining operations and environmental monitoring under wartime and post-conflict conditions. A structured literature review (2015–present) assessed UAV-enabled detection, mapping, and environmental sensing capabilities. The results indicate that UAVs significantly enhance reconnaissance efficiency, reduce suspected hazardous areas, and improve safety, yet cannot independently meet humanitarian clearance standards. While wartime use prioritises rapid risk mitigation, post-conflict deployment supports systematic clearance, environmental monitoring, and land restoration. The study highlights a gap in doctrinal integration and underscores the need for standardised UAV-based demining and environmental workflows.

The study evaluates the effectiveness of water charges for engineer support and EOD operations. These charges combine a small explosive with water to achieve controlled disruption of objects while minimizing collateral damage. The experiments focused on opening wooden crates using detonating cord and 550 ml of water. At least three segments of NP V detonating cord were required to successfully release the closures. The method enables safe inspection of the contents without their complete destruction. Although the results are promising, the procedures are not yet incorporated into the regulations of the Czech Armed Forces and require further research on different configurations.