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The rapid advancement of technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), is reshaping modern warfare and intensifying global competition for military superiority. Although the United States and China are commonly viewed as leading actors in AI development, other states, including Israel, are increasingly integrating AI systems into military operations. Operation Swords of Iron offers an example of AI enabled warfare, demonstrating how AI tools can enhance situational awareness, decision-making, and reduce human cognitive load. This writing assignment examines the role of AI in military operations by analysing its integration through the OODA Loop (Observe–Orient–Decide–Act) during Operation Swords of Iron. The analysis identifies how AI supported the Observe, Orient, Decide and Act phases, improving operational speed, precision, and efficiency while also introducing new risks and vulnerabilities. The findings highlight both the transformative potential and the emergent challenges of AI driven decision-making, providing insight into the future of AI integration in armed conflict.

The protection of cultural heritage is an important element of a country’s cultural policy. The article describes the nature of threats posed by armed conflicts to cultural heritage and the destruction of Ukrainian cultural property by Russian aggression in 2022. The article aims at discussion of the consequences of Russia’s deliberate destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage and offers an interdisciplinary insight into protection of cultural heritage during the contemporary armed conflict. These initial observations from Russian aggression against Ukraine serve as a starting point for a discussion on challenges related to the protection of cultural heritage during a potential armed conflict in Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on practical observations from Ukraine, the article calls for improvements to the protection of cultural heritage in Poland.

The protection of cultural heritage is seen as an important element of a country’s cultural policy. The article describes the nature of the threats posed by Russian aggression on Ukrainian cultural heritage and the destruction of cultural property. The article was aimed at highlighting the consequences of Russia’s deliberate destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage and an interdisciplinary look at its value and protection during the contemporary armed conflict. This assessment can serve as a starting point for a discussion on the challenges related to the protection of cultural heritage during a potential armed conflict in Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on practical examples of Ukraine, solutions were proposed to improve the protection of cultural heritage in Poland.

The article examins the concept of the defense-industrial complex as the basis of the national security of the state, peculiarities of its structure and functioning in different countries of the world, as well as issues related the current state and reforms in Ukraine. In particular, the essence of the concept of defense-industrial complex is determined by researching the scientific points of view of both foreign and Ukrainian scientists. Peculiarities of the structure and functioning of the defense-industrial complex in countries like the USA, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, China, India and Germany were studied. It was shown which state organs in Ukraine are responsible for production and supply (sales) of weapons and military equipment. The legal status of the State Concern “Ukroboronprom” as an important component of the defense-industrial complex of Ukraine has been determined. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the strategy of development of the defense-industrial complex of Ukraine for the period till 2028, its main purpose and priority directions are highlighted. Key strategic goals and key strategic initiatives in the State Concern “Ukroboronprom” reform strategy are highlighted, with the aim of achieving close international cooperation in the framework of innovative tendencies and improvement of the legal framework by bringing the legislation norms to the world standards. Problematic issues in the defense industry of Ukraine that need to be addressed in order to improve the efficiency and consistency of this sector of economy were identified.

This paper examines the reforming process in the coal mining industry in Ukraine and analyses reform outcomes which a gradualist approach adopted to recover the industry has delivered. Ukraine’s gradualist approach is addressed in the paper narrowly through the lens of rent seeking, established in the coal industry in Ukraine in the 1980s, which persisted and stretched across the highest tiers of the government after the country gained independence. By now, reform achievements turned to be much less fruitful than in other countries - proponents of gradualism, first of all CEE and FSU countries. Detailed analysis of strategic documents which define development of the coal mining sector, reveal inconsistencies all of which lead us to the conclusion that the recent reform attempts are not purposed, in fact, towards implementation unlike declared. Strategic documents are not timely consistent when it comes to defining stages of the coal mining reform and a clear implementation timeline, not speaking about agreement on all major reforming steps to be undertaken.