Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

Europe demands that its people be culturally and intellectually equipped in the ways that are suitable for their present and future. Only in this way they will be able to live meaningful lives in person and together. Higher education institutions play a key role in developing appropriate strategies as they are responsible for preparing their students for viable development of career and citizenship. Universities and other higher education institutions are increasingly realizing that their movement is a moving target and their leadership in the field of knowledge and understanding development and transfer means a new sensitivity to a society change. They are increasingly consulting their customers. Education inspires societal progress, but at the same time, it must respond with discernment to society by developing appropriate strategies for future study programs.

Revenues from public finances and taxes are very important conditions for the country‘s economic policy. No state can exist without taxes, so taxes are one of the most important components of a state’s fiscal policy, especially during a pandemic. Of course, it is especially important to collect enough tax revenue in the event of an emergency in the country. This is exactly the situation with a pandemic, especially in the case of the COVID19 virus development in 2020-2021. Taxes are the main source of revenue for the national budget, and redistribution accounts for government spending. Because the government does not create real products or services, the implementation of various state functions requires enormous resources. Taxes are therefore a really important and significant source of public finance revenue. The research problem may be a different tax burden in Lithuania during the pandemics. In addition, individual tax receipts and personal tax metrics may vary. The topic of the publication is the aspect of general and personal tax burden in Lithuania during the pandemic situation. The aim of this publication is to present the concept of individualized tax burden in modern times and restructural movements of the public finances. The main research methods used are: analysis of tax revenues in the scientific literature, data collection and systematization, comparative statistical data analysis, presentation of data, proportional analysis.

The improvement of public finances is an important issue for any country’s development. This content is changing public sector and sustainability of citizens environment; therefore, much attention is paid to the widespread improvement of financial research. In addition, activities may be organized in connection with applicable higher education programs. On the other hand, education in the field of financial management in different countries is interpreted differently. It has become increasingly important that such a discussion does not directly contribute to the overall development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to handle personal finances in various economic conditions may be to change the attitude of students to the knowledge provided by universities. Young people should be supported by financial education included in their study programs. Proper management of these programs helps to improve the educational process and their economic situation. Ultimately, the best way to determine the tax paid by individuals and legal entities could be called their rate of tax burden. However, an ordinary citizen who lives only from the income related to labor relations and has a higher tax burden may be a more important problem.

The sustainability of national finances is certainly an important issue for a country’s development. These aggregate perceptions change the public sector of the nation and the safety of citizens’ lives. Therefore, a significant focus on broadly improving financial research can be a significant issue. In addition, this activity may be organized in connection with applicable higher education programs. On the other hand, the understanding of financial management of governments in different countries are treated differently. This is becoming an increasingly important condition that broadly discussion does not directly benefit the overall development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to deal with personal finances in various economic conditions may be a change in the attitude towards knowledge financing among top management in universities. Young people can be supported by financial education programs that are clearly included in their underground or postgraduate courses. A proper management of education programs can help improve student learning experiences and economic well-being. In addition, training based on transparent public administration reliably fosters patriots of the country and people’s intolerance for non-transparent activities of public servants. Another important task of the paper is to show how the management of public debt and government spending can affect the sustainability of fiscal policy. In addition, this document also attempts to clarify questions about the economic importance of financial education at all levels of education. This concept of tax burden can encourage every citizen to be responsible for the activities of government employees and for the transparency of the budget planning process. Improving government revenues is indeed a complicated procedure. Because the same concept of taxes is used as in fixed costs for the public sector, when a person does not directly receive anything but additional payments for most public sector services. Thus, the confusion of economical terms is fairly constant, that again demonstrates a need for public finance literacy in all finance areas. Definitely it is a serious programme for scientists. One of the problems is regarding a realization of the country’s tax burden. The official average tax burden is usually more than thirty percent from the Lithuania’s nominal gross domestic product in recent years. On the other hand an average tax burden for a private person is usually more than forty percent of the average nominal labour related income. Nevertheless, political leaders and experts suggest the need to increase the accumulated tax burden in Lithuania. However, there may be a fundamental error in the fact that social insurance contributions and compulsory medical insurance contributions to funds are not counted in the tax burden of individuals and legal entities. Fortunately, last year’s budget already considers social benefits as part of tax revenues. Unfortunately, in the continuity of the fiscal policy of Lithuania in the XXI century there is a small number of signs. Public finance and taxes are the very essential issue of the country’s economic policy. Without a taxation any state cannot exist, therefore taxes are one of the utmost important component of state’s fiscal policies. Taxes are the main source of a revenue for the national budget and when redistributed it generates the public expenditure. Because the government does not create a factual product the implementation of various functions of the state requires immense funds. Therefore, taxes are really important and significant source of the public finance revenue. Moreover, a problem could be the contrasting taxation inequality in Lithuania and in some other EU countries. Therefore, the equality of a tax burden can be an indicator for the public finance sustainability. The object of the publication is analysis of a possible taxation injustice in Lithuania. The aim of the publication is to imply a conception of a tax difference margin in the present-day’s public finance. The main research methods that were used include scientific literature and public finance analysis, data collection and systematization, comparative statistical data analysis, graphical data representation, proportional analysis.

Educating on the revenue enhancement system in state-supported finance is likely an essential issue for the country’s development. This content changes public sector and the sustainability of citizens’ lives; therefore, a significant focus on the broad improvement of finance studies is essential. Furthermore, the activity could be organized in connection with the applicable higher education programs. On the other hand, financial management education is treated differently in different countries. It is becoming increasingly important that such a discussion does not directly benefit common development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to deal with personal finances in different economic conditions could be changing students’ attitude to finance knowledge at universities. Young people could be supported by financial education programs that are clearly incorporated into their undergraduate or postgraduate courses. The correct management of these programs helps to improve students and cadets learning experience and the economic wellbeing. Moreover, the learning based on public administration and public finance probably educates patriots of the country and people intolerant to non-transparent activities of public servants. Eventually, the best way to determine the country’s consolidated tax paid by natural and legal persons could be the tax burden rate. Likewise, the financial data supplied to the main European statistics authority by national statistical institutions sometimes can be slightly incorrect. Therefore, even more important issue could be an ordinary citizen living only from the income related to labour relations (or corresponding relations of income) and having an obviously higher tax burden.

National finance sustainability is likely an essential issue for the country’s development. These aggregated perceptions change the nation’s public sector and the security of citizens’ lives. Therefore, a significant focus on the broad improvement of finance studies could be an essential issue. Besides, that activity could be organized in connection with the applicable higher education programs. On the other hand, the government’s finance management understanding is treated differently in various countries. That is becoming increasingly essential condition that such a discussion does not directly benefit the common development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to deal with personal finances in different economic conditions could be changing attitudes to finance knowledge among top management in universities. The young people could be supported by financial education programs that are clearly incorporated into their underground or postgraduate courses. The correct management of these programs helps to improve student learning experience and the economic well-being. Moreover, the learning based on the transparent public administration believably educate patriots of the country and the peoples’ intolerance to non-transparent activities of public servants. The other important task of the paper is to reveal how public debt and public spending management could influence the issues of fiscal policy sustainability. In addition, this paper also tries to clarify questions about economic importance on financial education in the all levels of studies. Furthermore, the theoretical task of the paper is to show the size of the government debt, government debt service and expenditure in Lithuania and Latvia, during the last crisis in the first decade of the twenty first century. Then the overpaid debt services can be given to the hypothesis that an ordinary individual has less than EU average standard of financial and/or economical education. This conceptualization of the tax burden can encourage each citizen of the country to be responsible for the public servants’ activity and for the transparency of a budget planning process. The public revenue improvement is a really challenging procedure. Since using the same concept of taxes as fixed costs for public sector when person directly received nothing, but additional payments for the majority of public sector services. Therefore, confusion of terms is fairly constant, which once again shows the need for public finances literacy in the all areas of study programs for scholars. An authorized Lithuania’s tax burden usually comprises more than thirty percent from the country’s nominal gross domestic product in recent years. Nevertheless, political leaders and experts are suggesting the necessity of increasing Lithuania’s accumulated tax burden. However, there may be a fundamental mistake that social insurance contributions and compulsory health insurance contributions to the funds are not calculated into private individuals and legal entities tax burden. Fortunately the last year’s budget already considers social payments as a part of tax revenues. Unfortunately there are diminutive amount of signs in the continuity of Lithuania’s fiscal policy in the twenty first century.

Public finance, spending transparency and taxation revenue collection policy is an important issue for every country. Therefore, general education in these fields is very important, especially in the post-communist societies. As these social science disciplines influence the development of a country and citizens, many countries make the use of civic education and public understanding of financial study as a way to justify citizens’ responsibility. This paper raises and examines such cases and the subject of this scientific problem - public financial management as an important element of national education. Moreover, paid taxes and their spending create a clear microclimate in the society. Nevertheless, the real tax burden should be distributed equally. Obvious legal proceedings of the tax payment diversion in the public create additional tensions. The study also discusses financial education in Bachelor’s and Master’s degree study programs of social sciences for cadets (and students). The topics of public finance expenditure and procurement are becoming increasingly important in the 21st century. Proper social control of public procurement allows a public system to meet its needs in achieving important goals. The problem in many institutions is that procurement specialists carry out public acquisition with some problems that prevent from smooth execution of public sector expenditure management. Meanwhile, due to constant tension in the society caused by mismanaging expenditure (and therefore raising tax burden), prevailing non-transparent use of public finance and national budget deficit, public finance conceptualization is becoming crucial. Furthermore, it creates a direct benefit to the overall development of cadets and students’ education.

Viešieji finansai ir pinigų politikos samprata yra svarbi ir universali kiekvienos šalies bendruomenės ugdymo sritis. Šios socialinių mokslų disciplinos daro įtaką šalies raidai ir atskirų piliečių gyvenimui. Todėl daugelyje valstybių piliečiams ugdyti pasitelkiamos ir viešųjų finansų suvokimo studijos kaip būdas pagrįsti pilietiškumą. Straipsnyje iškeliamos ir nagrinėjamos šios temos ir mokslinės problemos – viešųjų finansų valdymo, kaip svarbios pilietiškumo ugdymo studijų dalies, reikšmingumas, – dirbančiųjų sumokamų mokesčių dydis ir reali mokestinė našta. Taip pat aptariamas studentų ir kariūnų finansinis ugdymas socialinių mokslų krypties programose. Dvidešimt pirmojo amžiaus pradžioje mokesčių ir viešųjų finansų tematika tampa vis labiau aktuali, dėl nuolatinės įtampos visuomenėje didinant mokesčius (ir mokesčių naštą), dėl dažno valstybės biudžeto deficito ir viešųjų finansų suvokimo tiesioginės naudos bendram pilietiškumo ugdymo plėtojimui.

Understanding of the tax burden in public finance is probably an important issue for the each country’s growth. It affects the public sector and the development of the country’s and individual citizens’ lives. Therefore a significant focus on the general development of the public finance studies is obviously increasing. Moreover that process is organized in connection with the relevant higher education and research programs. On the other hand the finance management education are treated differently in different countries. In some countries, social scientists are still debating whether the public finance management can be seen as an important educational and scientific branch of study. That is becoming increasingly important provision that such a discussion does not directly benefit the common development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to deal with personal finances in different economic conditions could be changing attitudes to finance knowledge among students in universities. The young people could be supported by financial education programs that are clearly incorporated into their underground or postgraduate courses. The correct management of these programs helps to improve student and cadets learning experience and the economic well-being. Moreover the learning based on the public administration and the public finance probably educate patriots of the country and people intolerant to non-transparent activities of public servants. Eventually the best ways to determine the country consolidated tax paid by natural and legal persons could be the tax burden rate. Besides the financial data supplied to the main European Statistics Authority – the Eurostat – by the national statistical institutions sometimes can be not very correct. Therefore even more important could be an issue that an ordinary country’s citizen who is living only from the income related to the labour relations (or corresponding relations of income) obviously has the much higher tax burden. Then we have an increase of the direct taxes burden by almost twice versus the official country’s tax burden. However the additional tax burden includes hidden taxes related to the aggregated spending of an employee’s income inside the EU. In that case the tax burden for an average employee could approach up to the two-thirds of the total (work-related) income. Then “the freedom from the taxes day” can be relocated to the second half of the year for the ordinary worker. This perception of the tax burden can encourage each citizen of the country to be responsible for the all public servant activities and for budget planning processes.

The internationalization practice of private public cooperation has been intensively studied since the 1960s. Due to increase in public capital flows, direct investments and competition in private services at that time active development of public and private cooperation has begun. This publication emphasizes the importance of a military training system quality and ways how to gain the better performance for the sustainable improvement. However diminishing long term allocations for training suppose new perception for different kind of qualification anticipated in the National Defense System (NDS). There are several good experience countries in the world which changed their army training system qualification assessments and purchased training service from private companies. Market research data showed that public-private partnership in military training is a new kind of military sustainable support possibility. There was a novel model laid in this paper for better military training system and private partnership evaluation.