The large-scale war in Ukraine affected not only its socio-economic condition, but also the development of European countries and their security system. The purpose of the article is to define post-war socialization and develop directions for building a new security system in Ukraine and Europe to overcome the consequences of the war. General scientific methods were used for the research: the method of analysis, synthesis, systematization and comparison. The article proposes directions for the post-war revival of Ukraine and new elements of the European security system. The practical recommendations of the article can be used by the government of Ukraine, as well as by European institutions in the post-war period.
The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the drops in the number of passengers transported by rail in 28 European countries on a quarterly basis in 2012-2020 in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic security. Data collected from Eurostat on the number of passengers transported by rail in 28 European countries were aggregated and further analyzed in order to emphasize the regularities governing them. The research has observed a growing trend on an annual and quarterly basis in the total number of passengers transported by rail in 28 European countries in 2012-2019. Additionally, in the unnamed (quarterly) data, a quarterly seasonality was detected. Since 2020, there have been declines in the number of passengers transported by rail in all of the 28 European countries considered. The declines were subjected to a comparative analysis, adopting various criteria, in order to assess which countries were most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of rail passenger transport.