Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues

The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.

At the heart of any banking system, there is the provision of payments. Payments can be made via fiat or crypto currencies, bank credit or deposits, or fund transfers on the books of non-bank payment providers. When using payment systems, security and protection of people and property are extremely important, especially in relation to cyberterrorism. The purpose of cybercrime is to gain material benefit using IT systems, while its targets can be both business and political actors. The focus of this article is on a profound analysis of extracted factors which would be necessary for achieving a comprehensive understanding and depiction of users’ behaviours and risks in the field of security of payment instruments as well as technologies aimed at improving intermediated retail payment transactions.

The study of the evolution of the economic security of the business entity has shown that at the present stage of economic development it is important to consider the factors of influence on economic security, in particular: the effectiveness of management, personnel and financial safety, a strategic approach to the functioning of the communication system of protection, taking into account the evolution of security and active search for innovative modern domains of development of industrial organizations and increase of the responsibility of performers for the consequences of their work. This allows to reduce the risk of loss of economic safety of the business entity. It was argued that innovative conceptualization of risk as a probable threat of losses lies within the scope of activity of managers of various units and has features of probable economic and objective-subjective nature, as well as a wide range of variability of the impact on the issues of economic safety and is conditioned by the dynamic development of important societal significant economic processes at the global and national levels, which ultimately contributes to enhancement of the organization’s competitive advantages.

It was argued that the development of an effective strategy for the protection of the industrial organization and ensuring its proper implementation should be based on the methodological basis of the theory of security. The fundamental changes in the process of formation of a security strategy are determined by the fact that the process specified is objectively developing and gradually becoming more complicated. At the present stage, the security strategy is formalized into a certain organized system, which should include the existing structural subdivisions of the business entity and create conditions for the protection of the priority areas of its operations. The main objective of formation of a strategy for the protection of entrepreneurship is the early distinguishing and isolation of external and internal dangers and threats, overcoming existing imbalances in the process of formation of the innovative basis for further development, creation of a safe environment for the existence of a business entity and, ultimately, achieving the stated goals of a particular industrial organization. All this allows us to formulate an appropriate strategy for its economic security.

Based on the study of areas, content and character of the activities of the leading subjects of the human development, the imperatives of its international regulation in the provision of social safety were synthesized. The share and value of these imperatives is strengthened by the general recognition of necessity of principal changes in the formation of the world social and economical policy and building of the society with the expanded capabilities for the self-fulfillment of an educated, healthy and materially secured person. The world system of indicators of the human development index is based on the methodological recognition of the leading importance of the level and quality of life in the formation of a system for assessement of the state of human development and includes the three leading aspects of human life - material standards of life, education level and state of health. For a long time such a system yielded positive results, where the main thing was the comparison of the world’s countries with the determined indicators.

The purpose of this article is to fulfil a comparative study of national security legislation, as well as the formation of conceptual foundation for its development and the elaboration of proposals for the improvement thereof with regard to Ukraine. The article analyses in comparative aspect the practice of the Republic of Lithuania as one of the European countries. In the context of globalization, the research focuses on international legal systems of both international and regional levels. The comparative legal analysis of the legal measures to maintain national security revealed similarities in theoretical and methodological approaches. In the study, the author’s definition of national security is given; and a typological model of the concept of national security is formed.

It is argued that the assessment of the security level of the bank lending activities should be made taking into account the socio-economic interests of all participants in the credit process. The developed methodology of the score assessment of the security level of credit operations of the bank includes not only an analysis of the security status of the credit operations of a particular bank, but also an assessment of the external conditions of its implementation. The process of assessment of the security level of the bank credit operations is implemented in five stages: the development of a system of security indicators for the bank credit operations; formation of the information base, which consists of bank reporting (financial and managerial) and macroeconomic indicators; analysis of security indicators; preparation of the report on the state of security; advising on adjustment of the bank’s policy to enhance security of credit operations and prevent the effects of possible threats. The introduction of a methodology for scoring in the practical activities of banks will allow to obtain objective characteristics of the security of credit operations, identify weaknesses, strengthen security measures, improve the bank’s credit policy to prevent the effects of possible threats.

In scientific work the peculiarities of innovation processes in the activity of high-tech companies are determined. The functional and managerial components of ensuring the security of development of high-tech companies are determined on the basis of establishing centers of responsibility for the support of innovative projects. The model of support of sustainable innovation development is developed and the algorithm of formation of the structure of business of high-tech companies with the purpose of strengthening of organizational security of out-of-date development is offered. The recommendations on harmonization of innovation development and security of commercial activity for high-tech companies are given.

The sustainability of national finances is certainly an important issue for a country’s development. These aggregate perceptions change the public sector of the nation and the safety of citizens’ lives. Therefore, a significant focus on broadly improving financial research can be a significant issue. In addition, this activity may be organized in connection with applicable higher education programs. On the other hand, the understanding of financial management of governments in different countries are treated differently. This is becoming an increasingly important condition that broadly discussion does not directly benefit the overall development of financial education in recent years. One of the possible ways to deal with personal finances in various economic conditions may be a change in the attitude towards knowledge financing among top management in universities. Young people can be supported by financial education programs that are clearly included in their underground or postgraduate courses. A proper management of education programs can help improve student learning experiences and economic well-being. In addition, training based on transparent public administration reliably fosters patriots of the country and people’s intolerance for non-transparent activities of public servants. Another important task of the paper is to show how the management of public debt and government spending can affect the sustainability of fiscal policy. In addition, this document also attempts to clarify questions about the economic importance of financial education at all levels of education. This concept of tax burden can encourage every citizen to be responsible for the activities of government employees and for the transparency of the budget planning process. Improving government revenues is indeed a complicated procedure. Because the same concept of taxes is used as in fixed costs for the public sector, when a person does not directly receive anything but additional payments for most public sector services. Thus, the confusion of economical terms is fairly constant, that again demonstrates a need for public finance literacy in all finance areas. Definitely it is a serious programme for scientists. One of the problems is regarding a realization of the country’s tax burden. The official average tax burden is usually more than thirty percent from the Lithuania’s nominal gross domestic product in recent years. On the other hand an average tax burden for a private person is usually more than forty percent of the average nominal labour related income. Nevertheless, political leaders and experts suggest the need to increase the accumulated tax burden in Lithuania. However, there may be a fundamental error in the fact that social insurance contributions and compulsory medical insurance contributions to funds are not counted in the tax burden of individuals and legal entities. Fortunately, last year’s budget already considers social benefits as part of tax revenues. Unfortunately, in the continuity of the fiscal policy of Lithuania in the XXI century there is a small number of signs. Public finance and taxes are the very essential issue of the country’s economic policy. Without a taxation any state cannot exist, therefore taxes are one of the utmost important component of state’s fiscal policies. Taxes are the main source of a revenue for the national budget and when redistributed it generates the public expenditure. Because the government does not create a factual product the implementation of various functions of the state requires immense funds. Therefore, taxes are really important and significant source of the public finance revenue. Moreover, a problem could be the contrasting taxation inequality in Lithuania and in some other EU countries. Therefore, the equality of a tax burden can be an indicator for the public finance sustainability. The object of the publication is analysis of a possible taxation injustice in Lithuania. The aim of the publication is to imply a conception of a tax difference margin in the present-day’s public finance. The main research methods that were used include scientific literature and public finance analysis, data collection and systematization, comparative statistical data analysis, graphical data representation, proportional analysis.

The scientific work is devoted to the issue of sustainable development of various corporate structures in order to increase their level of security through the use of consolidation strategies. The econometric modeling of the use of the strategic approach in the corporate consolidation of business structures has been carried out; the indicators of corporate governance estimate on the pre-integration phase have been proposed. The model of corporatization of corporate structures and the growth of the level of corporate security within the framework of consolidation strategies have been developed based on the emergent effect of the new structure. The methodical approach has been formed in order to optimize the choice of business structures that claim to become part of the consolidated system.