Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues

This paper presents an expanded discussion of the mathematical curriculum within the Cybersecurity specialization at the Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, with particular emphasis on discrete mathematics and number theory. Building on earlier work describing experiences in teaching Mathematics I–III and Graph Theory, we focus on selected number-theoretic topics and their concrete applications in cybersecurity- and cryptography-oriented courses. Through representative examples solved by students in discrete mathematics courses, we illustrate how concepts such as modular arithmetic, finite fields, and algebraic structures support the understanding of cryptographic algorithms and protocols. The paper further reflects on the role of mathematically grounded education in preparing future cybersecurity specialists for national defence tasks in the context of contemporary geopolitical challenges.

The study deals with the role of volunteering and reserve forces in the security and defence systems of selected European states in the context of a changing security environment. It focuses on the institutional and personnel anchoring of voluntary military service, active reserves and other forms of involvement of the wider public in the defence of the state, both in the field of armed forces and in the broader framework of internal security and crisis management. It seems increasingly clear that volunteer and reserve models are becoming a key tool for strengthening defence capacities, increasing the resilience of the state and deepening civil-military cooperation, especially in conditions of limited personnel resources of professional armies. The text also points out the differences between the individual states under review (Belgium, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) in terms of the degree of integration of volunteers, the scope of their tasks, the intensity of training and their relationship to compulsory military service. Attention is also paid to a certain extent to informal or insufficiently regulated security activities, including the potential for their politicisation or misuse by extremist actors. The study aims to contribute to the expert debate on the possibilities of effectively involving volunteer potential in complex national defence systems. The paper advances the argument that volunteering is no longer a peripheral addition to defence systems, but constitutes a structural pillar of modern defence architectures, particularly in states relying on professional armed forces and whole-of-society approaches.

This article addresses the issue of protecting civilian space assets that are utilized by states, and particularly by armed forces. It examines the unique characteristics of operating in the space environment, importance of these space assets, the concept of the military use of space, and the strategies applied in the United States to ensure the protection of such assets. The authors propose five protective measures: war risk insurance; physical protection of the ground segment; in-orbit physical protection; deterrence; and threat information sharing.

The capacity of military organisations to sustain operational effectiveness depends increasingly on their ability to lead and retain Generation Z personnel (born 1996 – 2012) – the first fully digital cohort entering professional armed forces worldwide. This narrative literature review synthesises evidence on the leadership challenges and opportunities associated with Generation Z, with particular focus on the Czech Armed Forces (CAF). Drawing on generational theory, transformational and adaptive leadership models, as well as empirical military research (2019 – 2025), the paper identifies three analytical dimensions: generational characteristics in military contexts, leadership and development requirements, and institutional adaptation within the CAF. Evidence-based implications are developed for leadership doctrine, training design, and organisational culture.

The problem of national security is relevant to all countries of the world as it is an important condition for the country’s economic growth. This is confirmed by the World Economic Forum (WEF) distinguished risks of economic development, their interactions, threats and dangers on the global level. The aim of the article is to characterize the internal factors of Lithuanian national security which are related to the possibilities of economic threats and dangers. The method of basic indicator comparison is used; where as the first year (e.g., year 2007) of the analyzed period is selected as the base year. Both absolute and relative quantities of analyzed indices are compared.