Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate attributes and corporate governance mechanisms on accounting conservatism in politically connected firms. This study uses 806 company-year observations consisting of large companies registered for 13 years from 2005-2017. Moderation regression analysis panel data is used for the analysis. Using two conservatism measurements, namely accrual and book-market, the results of the study show that the two models are inconsistent in producing tests for the influence of company attributes but are consistent in producing tests of corporate governance mechanisms. Firm size, profitability, audit committee, independent board, and audit litigation are the determinants of accounting conservatism in large companies. Independent Commissioners and audit committees as an internal mechanism of corporate governance negatively affects the application of accounting conservatism. The results of this study are also consistent with testing the interaction of political connections that strengthen the audit committee’s negative influence on the level of corporate conservatism. These results provide empirical evidence that the existence of an independent commissioner or audit committee weakens the influence of corporate governance mechanisms on the application of accounting conservatism in politically connected companies. Looking at the educational background and work experience and free from political elements, so that the existence of the board of commissioners and the audit committee are no longer considered a rubber stamp for the policies that have been made by management. This study is the first to investigate the moderation of political connections on corporate attributes and GCG mechanisms towards comprehensive accounting conservatism.

The article is devoted to the problems of identifying, improving areas of prevention and combating corporate fraud. The article explores the dynamics of corporate fraud, and analyzes their classification. The article provides an analysis of the stages of development of international legal regulation of the specified subject area, which allowed to determine the composition and structure of information subject of economic control. In addition, the main methods of corporate fraud are identified. The research methodology was based on the main regulatory legal framework controlling the specified subject area. Based on the results of the study, a refined procedure for detecting fraud and distortion was developed and a model for detecting fraud was developed. A study conducted by the authors revealed that only the regulator and then the law enforcement agencies can give an unambiguous interpretation of actions on fraud and falsification of data in the financial statements of financial sector organizations. But at the same time, the presence of “stop factors” in the organization’s work, signaling signs of fraud and falsification of data in the financial statements, allows to quickly pause the production and business activities of investors and counterparties with this financial institution and avoid larger losses. It is concluded that in the current system of economic control, a number of areas that need significant changes are clearly distinguished.

This study aims to examine the effect of intellectual capital on firm value through corporate reputation as a mediating variable. Intellectual capital is proxied by human capital, structural capital, and customer capital. Using the resource-based theory and signaling theory, this paper analyzes how the corporate reputation will be mediating intellectual capital to firm value. This study used 340 observations of companies that received an excellent category on the Indonesian Corporate Image Award (IMAC) which was listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013 to 2017 with Partial Least Square (PLS) test processed with warpPLS version 5.0 software. This study shows that the first human capital, structural capital, customer capital, and corporate reputation have a significant effect on firm value. Second, structural capital has a significant effect on corporate reputation. Third, corporate reputation variables are able to mediate the influence of intellectual capital proxied by human capital, structural capital, and customer capital on firm value. This study is the first empirical investigation on the contribution of Intellectual Capital in generating value for corporate reputation. Furthermore, the study contributes to the literature on the link between Intellectual Capital and firm value by examining a sample of firms no yet explored in prior research and this study also uses the cost-based approach.

The first objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the size of the Board of Directors and audit committee on the company’s financial performance; the second is to test the size of the Board of Directors and the audit committee on the implementation of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM); the third is to examine the relationship of the application of ERM on the company’s financial performance;, and fourth is to test the relationship of the size of the Board of Directors and audit committee on the company’s financial performance when mediated by the adoption of ERM. The research sample is 70 firm-years Indonesian non-financial companies listed during 2013-2016. Structural equation Modeling (SEM) with the WarpPLS approach has been used for data analysis. The results showed that the size of the Board of Directors affected the company’s financial performance, while the size of the audit committee did not affect the financial performance. The size of the Board of Directors and the audit committee influence the implementation of ERM. The application of ERM affects the company’s financial performance. The application of ERM mediates partially the relationship between the size of the Board of Directors and the company’s financial performance, but the application of ERM does not mediate the relationship between the size of the audit committee and the company’s financial performance. The results of the study have implications for agency theory and resource dependence theory where a large Board of Directors is a solution to the problem of resources for supervision in improving organizational performance through the effective implementation of ERM.

The article reveals the role of modern information technologies in the accounting system. Features of transformation of accounting principles and functions in conditions of their application are considered. The special feature technical-technological development is cyclisity. Every technological cycle is characterized by the revolution and the existence of the leading sectors of economy. The types of computer information technology and economic problems in the context of technological cycles are investigated. Change in technological cycles leads to the transformation of the theory of accounting and its practical application. The development of the accounting system is increasingly directed at the creative professional judgment of experts under condition of the existence of and assumption on the polivariative approach to the choice of one or another method of presentation of information in the system. Such an approach to the selection of accounting estimates is possible in case the highly intelligent tools are present, such as the modern information systems. On the basis of statistical data, the authors prove that the use of information and communication technologies in enterprises of Ukraine is increasing year by year, in particular of cloud computing. The article investigates the place of Ukraine in the ranking according to the index of development of information and communication technologies among other countries of the world. Information systems and accounting technologies serve as a link between business activities and managers at all levels of decision-making. The authors suggest an intellectual cycle for the formation and implementation of enterprise strategy using modern global information resources, which are obtained from the use of modern information technologies with a strong intellectual potential. The prospects for the introduction of technologies of artificial intelligence, as one of the features of the sixth technological way, in accounting are revealed.

Achievement of high quality of accounting information in financial statements requires thorough adherence to generally accepted accounting principles. In connection with deferred tax, this concerns especially the prudence principle and the going concern principle. The deferred tax also has an impact on fiscal sustainability in any given country. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate how information about deferred tax is reported by small and medium sized enterprises in Czech Republic and evaluate quality of such reporting. The research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire survey concerning recognition of deferred tax among accounting units which prepare their financial statements according to IFRS or according to Czech accounting standards. The entities that stated in the questionnaire that they recognize deferred tax were further analysed in more detail. The survey revealed that the standard does not take into consideration that small and medium-sized enterprises would not have to account for deferred tax. The research clearly showed the unwillingness of accounting entities to recognize deferred tax voluntarily.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the opinion of enterprise representatives upon the risk of errors occurrence in selected areas of accounting. Research presented in this paper explains the view of enterprise accountants upon the risk of errors occurrence, both unintentional and intentional, aimed towards the creation of so called „creative accounting“. The research itself, done on a sample of 232 Czech enterprises, was based on questionnaire investigation which focused on perception of problematic areas influencing the quality of accounting information. The obtained set of data was evaluated using descriptive method and mathematical/inference statistics. Special testing was done at hypotheses on concordance of two mean values and at the Friedman test. Evaluation of problematic rates of individual areas of accounting revealed that practically each observed area of accounting is connected with specific difficulties. The major causes of problems are tax impacts, namely in the area of the cost, time differentiation and of revenues and also difficulty in pricing, especially in the area of inventories and fixed and financial assets. High respondents´ concordance on rating individual accounting areas as to the risk of an error occurrence was detected. It stemmed from the research that the risk of formation of unintentional errors is subjectively rated as the highest in the areas of conjectural and adjusting items and the lowest at asset and depreciation classification. Rating the space for intentional distortion of accounting statements indicates a very reserved attitude of the respondents. The results have proved that in the respondents´ opinion practically all areas of accounting give space for occurrence of errors. The results of the research provided a somewhat different perspective on the issue of accounting errors in comparison with results published by other authors who used objective assessment of error rate as a departure point.

In order to achieve the main objective – to facilitate the analysis of financial reports and assessment of company’s financial condition and activity, the analysis and modelling of usage of statistical methods becomes one of the tasks. The statistical analysis may also be treated as one of the main assessment modes of the company’s financial condition or activity, which can facilitate the work of analysts significantly. The conducted analysis of scientific literature allows stating that the usage of statistical methods in the assessment of company’s financial activity has not been widely analysed; besides, there are no assessment models, which would allow analysing the company’s finances sufficiently precisely and quickly. Thus the objective of the scientific research presented in this article is to identify and to define clearly the theoretical aspects of modelling of statistical methods within the context of financial analysis. Therefore it is meaningful to prepare a theoretical model of financial analysis with the help of statistical methods, on the basis of which the scientists, managers of the company or other interested persons would be able to conduct the company’s financial analysis sufficiently precisely and easily.