Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation

Physical fitness is a fundamental component of military readiness, with aerobic capacity representing a key determinant of operational performance. In military education settings, training time is often limited, which increases the need for efficient and targeted conditioning strategies. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been widely discussed as a time-efficient method capable of eliciting meaningful physiological adaptations. However, evidence regarding its specific effects on aerobic capacity in military populations remains inconsistent. Therefore, further evaluation of structured HIIT interventions under real-world military conditions is warranted. First-year military students (n ≈ 80–90) were randomly assigned to either an intervention group completing a structured nine-week HIIT-based program or a control group following standard conventional physical training. The study was conducted across two consecutive measurement seasons using a randomized pre–post design. Aerobic capacity was assessed before and after the intervention using maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) determined via graded exercise testing. Both training programs were implemented within the regular physical training curriculum. The present study provides insight into the effects of a systematically designed HIIT intervention on aerobic capacity in a military student population. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how structured high-intensity training compares with conventional military physical training in terms of VO₂max adaptation. These results may help inform the development of efficient conditioning strategies within time-constrained military education environments. The study was conducted within a real-world military training setting, which may limit strict control over all external training influences. The duration of the intervention and the absence of intermediate physiological measurements may also have influenced the observed adaptations. Additionally, variability in sample size across measurement seasons should be considered when interpreting the findings.

The objective of this article is to describe the system of defence education for Polish youth after 1989 and its transformations. The article indicates that in Polish primary and secondary schools today, the subject of security education is taught, and in some high schools – especially in Certified Military Uniformed Classes – the subject of military education is taught as well. Among students, however, the defence curriculum is taught mainly as part of extra-curricular activities, mainly within the Academic Legion and Passport Programme. On the basis of the research strengthening military potential is supported by the defence education of young people. The exploration underlined that achieving the defence objectives outlined by the programmes of the Ministry of National Defence in agreement with the Ministry of National Education. The study used the diagnostic survey research method and the techniques of content analysis, a questionnaire, interviews, and observations. The article conluds recommendations for security education curriculum.

Mediation is an example of one of the alternative methods of resolving legal disputes. Its use is becoming more and more common, and the very idea of using mediation institutions to resolve legal disputes brings many benefits to conflicting parties, which include speed of proceedings or its cheaper costs. On the basis of national legislation, mediation has become a universal institution because it has been regulated in both public and private law. The next step of the legislator was to equip the mediator in civil matters with various methods through which he can conduct mediation proceedings. Therefore, the mediator conducts mediation using various methods aimed at amicable settlement of the dispute, including by supporting the parties in formulating their settlement submissions or at the mutual request of the parties, it may also indicate ways of resolving the dispute which are not binding for the parties. However, the success of mediation is determined not only by the will of the parties, but also by the way the mediator conducts this procedure, which is characteristic of the conflict management formula. In turn, the instruments at the disposal of the mediator in civil matters, in addition to their real impact on increasing the number of mediation proceedings and settlements concluded before the mediator, which is an example of the desired solution, also imply other legal consequences, including optimization of the costs of the process. Therefore, in addition to financial benefits for parties benefiting from mediation by the society, it is worth considering the methods of conducting this procedure in civil matters, which are examples of tools for managing legal security.

The alternative methods of dispute resolution are new field of study in Latvia. In most cases procedurial issues of these methods and their real practical application are outside any legal regulation. One of these alternative dispute resolution methods is called mediation. Person, who is responsible for the management of this process, is called mediator. The meaning of this term is known from the ancient civilization times. It is useful to understand the initial comprehension of mediation in order to sucessfully implement this process in the legal system of modern society. Nevertheless the elaboration of mediation procedure asks serious evalution of possibilites in order to completely evolve basic principles of alternative dispute resolution methods in the legal system of any country. Answering on question whether it is possible to completely realize the concept of mediation, it is necessary clearly understand, what it is and how you can use the advantages of this process in real life. Application of mediation in the Latvian criminal law obeys to the special requirements and depends on certain circumstances.

The alternative methods of dispute resolution are new field of study in Latvia. In most cases procedurial issues of these methods and their real practical application are outside any legal regulation. One of these alternative dispute resolution methods is called mediation. Person, who is responsible for the management of this process, is called mediator. The meaning of this term is known from the ancient civilization times. It is useful to understand the initial comprehension of mediation in order to sucessfully implement this process in the legal system of modern society. Nevertheless the elaboration of mediation procedure asks serious evalution of possibilites in order to completely evolve basic principles of alternative dispute resolution methods in the legal system of any country. Answering on question whether it is possible to completely realize the concept of mediation, it is necessary clearly understand, what it is and how you can use the advantages of this process in real life.