Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation

This paper evaluates the influence of extended stand-off distance on the performance of 3D-printed copper-filled shaped charge liners. The study follows a previous experiment in which complete perforation was achieved at stand-off distances of 0, 15, 30 and 60 mm. Two additional distances, 100 and 150 mm, were tested using the same charge configuration. The results were assessed qualitatively based on penetration morphology. Complete perforation was achieved in all cases, but the 150 mm configuration showed reduced channel regularity and probable loss of jet coherence. The most favorable morphology was observed at 60 mm.