Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

This paper conceptualizes security literacy as an educational competence linked to societal resilience and national defence preparedness. It combines theoretical discussion with an interpretative use of recent Czech survey material from primary and secondary schools. The Czech case suggests a mismatch between the perceived importance of security-related competencies and their fragmented institutional presence in formal education. The article argues that schools should be understood as part of long-term civilian preparedness and recommends clearer curricular anchoring, stronger teacher preparation, and more systematic practical instruction.

The study examines the effectiveness of communication, pedagogical, and psychological training in paramedic education in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. A survey of 328 students showed that increased practical training improves readiness, while strong soft skills instruction enhances crisis management, application of theory, and psychological resilience. The findings highlight the need for more simulation based learning, modern teaching methods, and harmonized educational standards to better prepare future paramedics.

The article focuses on the complex and long process of liquidating the world's chemical weapons stockpiles under the control and supervision of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, headquartered in The Hague. The main possessors of chemical weapons from the end of World War II until their complete destruction were the United States of America and the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Union). The process of destroying chemical weapons by the main owners is described in detail. Surprisingly, the completion of the destruction of chemical weapons in the Russian Federation was announced already in 2017, while the United States of America announced the completion of the destruction of its chemical weapons only in mid-2023. A significant fact remains that in 2013, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons was highly honoured by receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. The last part contains official announcements about the end of destruction of chemical weapons in the world.

In 2021, the South Moravia region of the Czech Republic was dealing with the aftermath of tornado. This extraordinary event, which is not very frequent in the Czech Republic, was associated with the implementation of a considerable amount of efforts aimed at rescue, liquidation and subsequent recovery work. Using this emergency as an example, it can be stated that it is evident that climatic and meteorological conditions are changing significantly in connection with global climate change and are also affecting the territory of the Czech Republic. It is therefore very realistic to expect that the occurrence of emergencies associated with surprising and often difficult to predict emergencies will become more and more common, and it is therefore necessary to constantly prepare, not only at the level of public authorities, but also at the level of school facilities. The main body of the article focuses on the specification of proposals and measures that could be taken in any municipality affected by such or similar emergencies. Not only the proposals related to the implementation of recovery (technical) works, but also to the protection of the population, especially in the field of its education, have been elaborated in detail. Increasing the level of education and preparedness of the population can make a significant contribution to better managing the impact of emergencies of the same or similar nature.

The issue of preventing major chemical accidents has been dealt with in the Czech Republic (and in the former Czechoslovakia) for a long time. The first law on this issue was already issued in 1999 on the basis of the European directive SEVESO I from 1982. Many serious chemical accidents from abroad and in the Czech Republic are well known and documented in the professional literature. The new valid law on the prevention of major accidents from 2015 also deals with the protection of the population in emergency planning zones. The implementation of these measures and the level and quality of population protection in emergency planning zones is different. The modelling of emergency impacts also helps to increase the protection of the population in the named zones. A whole range of different SW products and tools are used for this, in the Czech Republic they are mainly the domestic SW tools TerEx and ROZEX-Alarm, or the freely available American ALOHA. Some calculations in the article on the most hazardous industrial toxic gases, toxic vapors or toxic aerosols show how serious a safety issue it is from the point of view of population protection in emergency planning zones. These security issues are discussed in detail in the professional article. In the draft part, the authors present their own previously unpublished set of real, thought-out and justified new or improved measures to increase safety in emergency planning zones in case of possible chemical accidents. Unfortunately, it must be noted that the area of "population protection" is not covered by a separate law in the Czech Republic, while in Slovakia such a law has existed since 1994.

The issue of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic is first mentioned from a historical point of view. The following are the main hazardous impacts of chemical accidents. The next part is a comparison of the accidental impacts of major emergencies, such as toxic leakage, explosion and fire, even with examples of several typical chemical substances. Some factors of the main hazardous chemicals with a focus on toxic substances are discussed in detail. The modelling of accident impacts is presented in the next section on a detailed comparison of the accident impacts of nine main industrial chemical toxicants. The article also draws attention to the serious danger of the possible misuse of toxic substances in particular for hostile acts of chemical terrorism.

The central topic of this paper is the complex issue of providing crisis intervention, post-traumatic care, posttraumatic intervention care, psychosocial intervention services in the basic components of the integrated rescue system in the Czech Republic. We draw on theoretical knowledge and also on practical experience that members and officers of the integrated rescue system in their daily practice are involved in a number of highly traumatic emergencies and crisis situations. The negative impact of dealing with emergencies and crisis situations has primary or secondary impact on their psychological state. Almost in their daily practice they encounter emotionally stressful situations such as traffic accidents accompanied by severe injuries or death of the participants, mass disabilities of persons, encounters with death (in various forms: natural death, death as a result of a criminal act, etc. ), notification of deaths to survivors, dealing with psychologically and physically demanding conflicts with persons showing elements of aggression and aggressive (verbal and physical) behaviour, interventions against armed offenders, implementation of crisis communication (personal or telephone) with persons demonstrating suicidal intent, implementation of crisis communication with affected persons or their family members, implementation of communication with persons with specific needs (e.g. etc.), implementation of multicultural communication, etc. Thus, traumatic events affecting their psychological state occur in their daily practice. That is why a psychological examination (analysing their mental health as well as their level of resilience to stress, etc.) is part of their recruitment into the basic components of the integrated rescue system. Subsequently, their lifelong learning process includes post-traumatic care, strengthening resilience and the ability to cope with traumatic and stressful events, prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder, prevention of psychological distress or burnout syndrome, etc. Taking into account the above-mentioned facts, the basic components of the integrated rescue system have a system of providing post-traumatic care, and the characteristics of each system and the issue of providing this care is the subject of this paper .

The paper deals with the problems of the occurrence of aggression and aggressive behavior as a provoking cause of various injuries and the need to provide pre-hospital emergency care. Based on the analysis of professional literature, as well as on the basis of experience from practice, it can be stated that members of Emergency Rescue Service exit groups often encounter manifestations of aggression and aggressiveness when providing pre-hospital emergency care. The results of a retrospective observational study of the medical records of the Plzeň and Ústí regions in the Czech Republic are presented. We focused on the analysis and in-depth examination of the calls of ambulance groups to patients whose injuries were caused by aggression and aggressive behavior. This was in terms of the number of call-outs, the frequency of individual diagnoses, NASA score and urgency level, as well as the characteristics of the deployment of individual call-out groups, etc. Options for managing aggression and aggressive behavior are also presented, including an assessment of the potential risk of aggression and escalation. Attention is also paid to the issue of preparing the members of call groups to cope with this negative phenomenon, which has an increasing tendency in the conditions of providing pre-hospital emergency care. The paper deals with this issue comprehensively.

This article deals primarily with the protection of the population in the Czech Republic, as it is a very important security area of the highest priority. The population protection system in the Czech Republic is briefly explained, which has been fully under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic since 2001, but a number of other central administrative authorities (ministries, special institutes and institutions, research institutes) are also involved in its implementation. In addition to legal standards and implementation decrees, the Czech Republic security strategy and the concept of population protection are also presented. A separate part is devoted to the last valid Population Protection Concept from 2021, and it is emphasized here that the concept places great importance on the population’s preparedness for dealing with extraordinary events and crisis situations. The Model Action Activity of the Integrated Rescue System in the Czech Republic is presented in the next section. Although many model action activities have already been published in the Czech Republic, unfortunately such a safety management plan has not yet been published for the extremely hazardous natural disaster „Tornado“. This subsection briefly explains how the Intergreted Rescue system intervenes in emergency and crisis situations. A separate part is devoted to the hazardous and strong tornado in Moravia in 2021, where a total of 6 people lost their lives and another 200 were injured, many were hospitalized. Material damage after the tornado’s rampage climbed to dizzying heights. The wave of solidarity with the affected population has reached unprecedented proportions not only in the Czech Republic. At the end of the contribution, the authors present their own proposal for the future, how to continue working in this area, from the preparation and convening of a national security conference in the Czech Republic to the preparation and publication of the Model Action Activity of the Integrated Rescue System in the Czech Republic in the disaster event of a tornado.

The pandemic situation associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 has necessitated the initiation or renewal of research activities aimed at the possibility of using materials that will have very good post-accident properties. One of the materials that have been developed, tested and applied in the past has been materials based on the spherical fullerene C 60 molecule. A microstructure using REM and SEM and sorptive properties of fullerene C 60 for gases of toluene with the employment of a QCM detector has been studied. Obtained micrographs are discussed in relation to a possible spatial arrangement at the molecular level. The envisaged solution aims to develop a sensor that, due to its surface properties, would be useful for the detection of gas and liquid phases of chemical warfare agents and industrial chemicals. It is envisaged that the surface layer consisting of fullerene C 60 will be universally applicable, reusable and low cost and low maintenance.